Congress approves the Elkins Anti-Rebate Act, making it illegal for railroads to give rebates on their published freight rates. The Elkins Act is a response to railroads engaging in business practices that gave certain shippers and certain areas a marked advantage. It would fall short of regulating railroads sufficiently; the Hepburn Act would have to be instituted three years later to further that cause.
The Department of Justice announces that the federal government would prosecute the Northern Securities Company a subsidiary of J. Morgan for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Supreme Court hands down a decision in Champion v. Ames , making federal police power superior to that of the states. The ruling became the basis for the future federal regulation of food, drugs, and narcotics. The Report of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, appointed by TR to investigate the mining industry, declares that workers cannot be discriminated against because they belong to a union.
A revolt breaks out in Panama against Colombian rule. The uprising is sponsored by Panamanian agents and officers of the Panama Canal Company, with tacit permission of the Roosevelt administration. The presence of the American Navy prevents Colombia from crushing the revolt. The Supreme Court rules that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and therefore cannot be denied entry to the continental United States.
But the Court also holds that they are not U. United States , orders the dissolution of the Northern Securities Company. The decision is major victory for TR and his belief in the necessity of trust-busting.
The Republican Party nominates Roosevelt for the presidency, along with Charles Fairbanks as his vice presidential running mate.
The Democratic Party nominates Alton B. Parker of New York for the presidency and Thomas Tibbles for the vice presidency. TR wins the presidential election, trouncing Democratic candidate Alton B.
Parker, electoral votes to With the exception of Maryland, Roosevelt wins every state north of Washington, D. In the Senate, the Republicans maintain their 57 to 33 advantage, while in the House, they gain 43 seats, for a majority.
Roosevelt vows to not seek another presidential term in order to deflect Democratic charges that he would remain in office for life. Roosevelt augments the justification for U.
The United States signs a protocol with the Dominican Republic, thereby giving it control of the latter's customs and international in and mollifying European creditors. In Jacobson v. Massachusetts , the Supreme Court recognizes the legality of compulsory vaccination laws.
Roosevelt is inaugurated for his first full term as President of the United States. Also sworn in is Vice President Charles W. In Lochner v. New York , the Supreme Court rules that state laws limiting working hours are illegal.
A group of black intellectuals, including W. DuBois, meets near Niagara Falls to demand racial equality. Roosevelt played a significant role in mediating this conflict, urging an end to hostilities and brining both sides to the conference table in Portsmouth, N.
For his actions, Roosevelt would win the Nobel Peace Prize. Clashes erupt in Brownsville, Texas, after white civilians taunt black soldiers. Three whites are killed. A devastating earthquake strikes San Francisco, California, killing and leveling blocks.
Roosevelt's leadership is key for the passage of this act, as many observers claim the act would have not come out of the Senate without TR's advocacy. The legislation calls for both an honest statement of food content on labels and for federal inspection of all plants engaging in interstate commerce. The major impetus for these measures was The Jungle , the scathing report on meatpacking plants written by muckraking journalist Upton Sinclair, which TR personally read.
TR demurs at first, but sends troops in October. A race riot in Atlanta, Georgia, leaves twenty-one people dead, including eighteen black Americans. The Platt Amendment is invoked, authorizing U. Future President William Howard Taft serves as provisional governor. The Republicans gain four seats in the Senate, for a 61 to 31 majority. In the House, the Republicans lose 28 seats, but maintain a advantage. The national labor movement became involved in these elections, thereby marking a turning point in the history of national elections.
The President and Mrs. Roosevelt go to Panama to inspect the building of the Panama Canal, marking the first trip abroad by a sitting American President. Straus is the first Jewish American to hold a cabinet post. The Dominican Republic and the United States sign a treaty empowering American agents to collect Dominican customs taxes for the purpose of satisfying the nation's creditors. The Senate ratifies the treaty on February 25; in , it had refused to ratify a similar agreement.
TR signs the Immigration Act of , which includes a provision allowing the President to restrict Japanese immigration. To get around restrictive language in an appropriation bill inhibiting the creation of new forest reserves in six Western states, TR issues proclamations establishing forest reserves in affected states before the law goes into effect.
In doing so, TR faced down Westerners who disdained interference from Washington. An executive Inland Waterways Commission is appointed to study the relationship between forest preservation and commercial waterways.
Marines land in Honduras to protect life and property during a series of political disturbances. The United States argues, unsuccessfully, for the establishment of a World Court. The Panic of begins when shares of the United Copper Company begin to fluctuate wildly. Panic sets in, destabilizing the shaky foundation of the American banking system. Cortelyou and to dissipate rumors of a financial crash. Under Roosevelt's orders, the Great White Fleet so named because of the boats' color embarks on a voyage around the world from Hampton Roads, Virginia.
The fleet returns triumphantly on February 22, , having been enthusiastically welcomed at many ports and underscoring America's growing naval strength. The voyage would serve as Roosevelt's proudest accomplishment while in office. On December 16, , President Theodore Roosevelt assembled the entire class of sixteen American battleships in Hampton Roads, Virginia, and launched them on a training cruise around the world.
Roosevelt scheduled the fleet to return to Hampton Roads on February 22, , ten days before he left office. The President intended the voyage to be the glorious capstone to his administration's accomplishments.
As President, Roosevelt had built the U. Navy into one of the largest in the world, by convincing Congress to add battleships to the fleet and increase the number of enlisted men. He had many reasons for sending the fleet on a worldwide tour. Roosevelt wanted to allow the Navy to gain the experience of an international tour and to draw attention to his naval program. He hoped the impressive show of naval strength and prowess would rally congressional support.
He also wanted to impress other countries around the world with U. American relations with Japan had soured greatly in after the San Francisco public school board voted to segregate Japanese immigrant children; at the same time, Californian politicians lobbied for Washington to restrict Japanese entry into the country. Roosevelt hoped the Great White Fleet's arrival in Japan would signify his desire for continued friendly relations, and yet he also sought to remind the Japanese of America's ascendant naval might.
Japanese crowds cheered the fleet upon its arrival in Tokyo Harbor. The Great White Fleet also announced to the world the growing global reach of American military power, especially its new and modern navy. In this way, Roosevelt used the fleet to represent what he saw as America's arrival as a great nation on the world stage. A devotee of naval theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan, who equated international power with naval might, Roosevelt supported new battleship construction, the modernization of ship armaments, and the adoption of new marksmanship techniques.
In doing so, he greatly expanded the reach of American power-a process his predecessor, President William McKinley, began in earnest. Roosevelt used the American Antiquities Act of to create 18 national monuments during his presidency. The Grand Canyon became a national park in Roosevelt was the nation's first conservationist President. Grant first appeared on the fifty-dollar bill in Like Jackson, Grant has faced opposition to his appearance on U.
Cleveland was on the twenty-dollar bill before he was replaced by Andrew Jackson in It was U. General George Meade. Who knew money could actually be worth so much money? He worked to establish our federal government and served as the fourth president.
Madison has appeared on the bill since These notes were printed from December to January A tried and true Federalist, Hamilton was the first Treasury of the Secretary and a supporter of a national bank system.
He later served as Chief Justice of the U. Supreme Court. Abraham Lincoln first appeared on the penny in — the th anniversary of his birth. It was President Theodore Roosevelt who is credited with urging a redesign of the penny in Before Lincoln, the penny had the same imagery since — Liberty wearing an American Indian headdress. When the Lincoln was issued in August , Abraham Lincoln became the first president to appear on a coin.
Until , Lincoln was the only person to appear on both sides of a coin. George Washington became the second when he appeared on the reverse of the New Jersey state quarter — crossing the Delaware River during the American Revolution.
Mint released four new designs for the reverse side of the penny. In , the Treasury Department announced that it would hold a competition to create a new design for the nickel — with Thomas Jefferson to appear on the front.
The winning design featured a bust of Jefferson dressed in a suit and looking to the left. The Jefferson nickel was first issued in November of , and our third president has been on the nickel since.
In , on the th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase, Congress passed a bill to change the design of the nickel. In the Westward Journey Nickel Series of , the original left-facing Jefferson was replaced with a newright-facing Jefferon and forward-facing Jefferson.
Four new Jefferson Era designs appeared on the back, along with a newly-designed Monticello. Franklin D. Roosevelt first appeared on the dime in FDR died in April , and the Mint decide to honor him on a coin. The dime was chosen for Roosevelt due to his work to end polio through the March of Dimes.
As the nation's first Treasury Secretary, Hamilton is one of two non-presidents to be featured on U. While Hamilton's portrait is seen on the obverse, the reverse shows the U. Treasury Building. However, due to the popularity of Broadway's musical Hamilton , the government reversed its decision and has kept Hamilton on the bill. While he is seen on the denomination's front side, adorned with watermarks and green and peach hues, the White House is imprinted on the backside.
Starting in , Civil War hero and 18th President of the U. Ulysses S. While many wonder why Grant was chosen to be on this particular denomination, no one really knows the answer.
The reverse side of Grant's portrait features the U. Capitol, although earliest iterations included images of Panama, a merchant and a battleship.
On both sides of the bill, blue and red colors have been added and microprinted words such as "Fifty" and "USA" surround Grant's face, along with a watermark of the American flag to the right of him. Founding Father , inventor and diplomat Benjamin Franklin served under many titles, but U.
Still, along with Hamilton, Franklin was able to grace one of the most desirable of denominations despite never reaching the highest office in the land, starting in A massive redesign in resulted in Franklin's portrait featured to the left of a quill pen, inkwell and the Declaration of Independence , along with holographic watermarks and black-light technology.
The reverse side presents an image of Independence Hall in Philadelphia — the first building outside of Washington D. Learn about some of the notable people who survived or perished when the "unsinkable ship" struck an iceberg in April Take a look at the real-life space pioneers in the film starring Ryan Gosling, who forever changed the way we see the world.
As the first Black American woman to run for U. Here are some of the central figures of the Manson Family who actively participated in the gruesome crimes that left nine people dead in the summer of The founding father and the New York socialite came from opposing backgrounds but somehow found love during the Revolution.
These African American leaders left a lasting mark with their contributions in music, art, literature and so much more.
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