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Vogel, T. However, that explanation hasn't swayed conspiracy theorists , who contend that all three buildings were wired with explosives in advance and razed in a series of controlled demolitions. The impact and ensuing fires disrupted elevator service in both buildings.
Plus, the lobbies of both buildings were visibly damaged before the towers collapsed. Department of Commerce—released another report in spring NIST shared its initial findings with Popular Mechanics at the time, and made its lead researcher available to our team of reporters.
The NIST investigation revealed that plane debris sliced through the utility shafts at the North Tower's core, creating a conduit for burning jet fuel —and fiery destruction throughout the building. Burning fuel traveling down the elevator shafts would have disrupted the elevator systems and caused extensive damage to the lobbies. NIST heard first-person testimony that "some elevators slammed right down" to the ground floor.
As Jules Naudet entered the North Tower lobby, minutes after the first aircraft struck, he saw victims on fire, a scene he found too horrific to film. No kerosene fire can burn hot enough to melt steel. However, experts agree that for the towers to collapse, their steel frames didn't need to melt, they just had to lose some of their structural strength—and that required exposure to much less heat. What happens is that the steel tries to expand at both ends, but when it can no longer expand, it sags and the surrounding concrete cracks.
But jet fuel wasn't the only thing burning, notes Forman Williams, a professor of engineering at the University of California, San Diego, and one of seven structural engineers and fire experts that Popular Mechanics consulted.
He says that while the jet fuel was the catalyst for the WTC fires, the resulting inferno was intensified by the combustible material inside the buildings, including rugs, curtains, furniture and paper. NIST reports that pockets of fire hit degrees Fahrenheit. It was the rest of the stuff burning afterward that was responsible for the heat transfer that eventually brought them down.
CLAIM: As each tower collapsed, clearly visible puffs of dust and debris were ejected from the sides of the buildings. They do occur from explosions. FACT: Once each tower began to collapse, the weight of all the floors above the collapsed zone bore down with pulverizing force on the highest intact floor. Unable to absorb the massive energy, that floor would fail, transmitting the forces to the floor below, allowing the collapse to progress downward through the building in a chain reaction.
Engineers call the process "pancaking," and it does not require an explosion to begin, according to David Biggs, a structural engineer at Ryan-Biggs Associates and a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers team that worked on the FEMA report. Like all office buildings, the WTC towers contained a huge volume of air. As they pancaked, all that air—along with the concrete and other debris pulverized by the force of the collapse—was ejected with enormous energy.
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