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The elected House established itself in the east of Libya, resulting in an institutional split of the country, which has since led to two opposing governments in the east and west that are now fighting for control of Libya's capital Tripoli.
General Haftar was a former army officer under Gaddafi, who was sentenced to death in absentia for plans to stage a coup. In February , General Haftar announced in a televised statement that the government in Tripoli had been dissolved — although it continued to control Libya's west — and launched a two-year fight against militia groups in the East claiming he was "fighting terrorism" and trying to stabilise Libya. Dr Sayeh said these Benghazi militia groups — many of which were affiliated with Al Qaeda or Islamic State — had "terrorised" the city, but after their defeat government institutions were established.
It's not per cent yet, but at least you can feel there is a system working," he said. While many see Haftar as a "dictator" and a "counter-revolutionary", his strongman tactics have won popular support amid the chaos that followed Gaddafi's ouster, which has left some Libyans questioning the wisdom of removing the former authoritarian leader. Tripoli and Libya's west meanwhile are controlled by the Government of National Accord GNA , an interim government established in through a UN-led political agreement between the elected House in the east and the then-ruling government in Tripoli.
It is still recognised by the UN as the sole legitimate government in Libya, but the House of Representatives — who back General Haftar — has since withdrawn support for the deal. Militiamen fighting in Tripoli for the GNA — which is supported by Turkey and Qatar — say they are defending the revolution and civilian rule and fighting the return of a dictatorship, but observers maintain that the GNA do not have control over the militia forces in the area.
But while both sides argue their legitimacy, in reality neither have been democratically elected, and forces on both sides have been guilty of forced disappearances, unlawful detentions, killings, kidnappings, torture and extortion. The United Nations and international powers have been pushing for talks between the two sides, but many such talks have been held before and failed. A clear winner could bring stability in some form, and some foreign powers — including the United States, Russia and France — have been toying with the idea of backing General Haftar to tip the current stand off in his favour.
At the same time, countries like Turkey are heavily backing the GNA which is also the government recognised by the UN. If the status quo continues, the result could be a prolonged, fractured, and severely unstable Libya. Many of the young fighters that were so full of hope when the revolution began, say they remain trapped in a fight that seems endless within militia groups that have become their only source of security and livelihood.
After years of conflict and billions of dollars worth of damage to infrastructure, Libya's economy has also plummeted, while oil production remains stifled by security fears. Mr Eljarh holds hope that "through this difficult experience Libya will as a nation emerge with a better understanding of what it is to be Libyan". Stability will require disbanding militias and collecting weapons, a task that is becoming more difficult by the day.
For many of the Arab nations that rose up against autocracy in , things have not necessarily gone so well either. Tunisia is easily the most successful victor of the Arab Spring, with its institutions and civil society still undergoing formative and positive change many years after the overthrow of former leader Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. But places like Syria and Yemen remain engulfed in bloody proxy wars, while Egypt was seized by the military who launched a brutal crackdown on civil society — other places like Bahrain saw protests quickly crushed before they ever really began.
They rejected violence and foreign interference … at least maybe others in our region are learning from our mistakes. If collectively societies in the region learn from each other, Mr Eljarh, said they could create a lasting legacy. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work.
Key points: It has been eight years today since Gaddafi was captured and killed in Libya Two opposing Libyan governments are on the brink of a civil war Support for both sides from outside nations have turned the current fight into a proxy war.
Libyan general claims to have seized Tripoli airport, unsettling UN. UN condemns 'brutal executions' in Libya following twin car bombing. The death of Gaddafi More on:. Top Stories 'Deeply sorry' COP26 president breaks down as action on coal is watered down in climate deal. Wilbur Smith, bestselling author, dies in South Africa aged He had led oil-rich Libya as an autocrat for almost 42 years, quashing all opposition with brutality and funding international terrorism.
Three years on, Libya is still as much of a mess as ever. Fighting is split among Arab nationalists, Islamists, regional militias and more. Mary Fitzgerald, an Irish journalist based in Libya , raised this question on Twitter last week.
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