Quotation Marks It uses quotation marks. It does not use quotation marks. When a person gives a written or spoken account of the speech, by repeating the exact words of the speaker, then this is known as Direct Speech. It uses inverted commas to highlight the original statement of the speaker, which is supported by a signal phrase or say dialogue guide. Adverbs can be used with the reporting verb, to delineate the manner in which something is spoken. Indirect Speech or otherwise called as reported speech is one in which a person reports on what someone else said or wrote to him, not using the actual words.
The indirect speech stresses on the content, i. The formation of the reported clause in an indirect speech is mainly based on whether the speaker is just reporting something, or ordering, commanding, requesting, etc. There are certain rules which need to be followed while changing from direct to indirect speech or vice versa:. Exception : When the direct speech consists of a universal fact or truth, then the tense of the sentence remains the same. Rule 2 : For change in adverbs, pronouns, demonstratives and auxiliary verbs.
Both are same. Recommend 1 Comment 0. Mohammed Faras. In direct speech it is said by the 1st person to 2nd person. In indirect speech it is said by 2nd person to 3rd person. Recommend 0 Comment 0. Ajadeep Sai Devavarapu. Related Wiki. Offered for classes , LearnNext is a popular self-learning solution for students who strive for excellence. Join India's most happening Educational community.
In some cases, the word order may have to be changed slightly. When converting a direct question to an indirect one, the subject and verb often have to be inverted. A mixture of direct and indirect styles in a summary of a statement or discussion should be avoided whenever possible.
When, however, an account of the proceedings of an intergovernmental body is followed by the conclusions or recommendations put forward by the body, different tenses are often used. While the proceedings are summarized in indirect speech past tense , the conclusions or recommendations are normally written in the present tense.
In such cases, the conclusions and recommendations should be clearly set off from the summary by means of a heading or subheading. Skip to main content. Welcome to the United Nations. Toggle navigation Language:. Editorial Manual Indirect or reported speech Indirect speech conveys a report of something that was said or written rather than the exact words that were spoken or written.
Next, a corresponding shift is made in the verb tenses, pronouns and certain other words in the original statement: Direct: The election is being held today.
Indirect: The Acting President confirmed that the election was being held that day [or on a specific date]. Verb tenses The verb tenses are normally changed as follows: Direct speech to Indirect speech Present Past Present perfect Past perfect Past Past perfect Past perfect No change Future shall, will Secondary future should, would Future perfect will have Secondary future perfect would have Conditional No change normally The following examples illustrate these rules: Present to past tense Direct: Fifteen States are members of the working group.
Indirect: The Secretary of the Council reported that 15 States were members of the working group. Note : This rule is not necessarily applied to statements that are universally true: The speaker noted that, under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has [ not had] the right to life, liberty and security of person. Present perfect to past perfect tense Direct: The investigators have been conducting hearings on security issues for several days.
Indirect: The Director noted that the investigators had been conducting hearings on security issues for several days. Past to past perfect tense Direct: The Chair resigned last week.
Indirect: It was announced that the Chair had resigned the previous week. Less or fewer? Look at , see or watch? Low or short? Man , mankind or people? Maybe or may be? Maybe or perhaps? Nearest or next?
Never or not … ever? Nice or sympathetic? No doubt or without doubt? No or not? Nowadays , these days or today? Open or opened? Opportunity or possibility? Opposite or in front of?
Other , others , the other or another? Out or out of? Permit or permission? Person , persons or people? Pick or pick up? Play or game? Politics , political , politician or policy? Price or prize? Principal or principle? Quiet or quite? Raise or rise? Remember or remind? Right or rightly? Rob or steal? So that or in order that? Sometimes or sometime? Sound or noise?
Speak or talk? Such or so? Towards or toward? Wait or wait for? Wake , wake up or awaken? Worth or worthwhile? Noun phrases: dependent words Noun phrases: order Noun phrases: uses Noun phrases: noun phrases and verbs Noun phrases: two noun phrases together. Pronouns: possessive my , mine , your , yours , etc. Pronouns: reflexive myself , themselves , etc.
Pronouns: indefinite - body , - one , - thing , - where Pronouns: one , you , we , they Relative pronouns Questions: interrogative pronouns what , who Someone , somebody , something , somewhere That. Dates Measurements Number Time. Geographical places Names and titles: addressing people Nationalities, languages, countries and regions Place names. Reported speech Reported speech: direct speech Reported speech: indirect speech.
British and American English Dialect Double negatives and usage Formal and informal language Newspaper headlines Register Slang Standard and non-standard language Swearing and taboo expressions.
Past simple I worked Past continuous I was working Past continuous or past simple? Past simple or present perfect? Used to Past perfect simple I had worked Past perfect continuous I had been working Past perfect simple or past perfect continuous? Past perfect simple or past simple? Past verb forms referring to the present Past: typical errors. Present continuous I am working Present perfect continuous I have been working Present perfect simple I have worked Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous?
Present perfect: typical errors Present simple I work Present simple or present continuous? Present: typical errors Present verb forms referring to the past. Finite and non-finite verbs Imperative clauses Be quiet! Infinitives with and without to Infinitive: active or passive?
0コメント